A time zone is a compromise. The sun is directly overhead at a different moment in every single place on Earth, and no clock could ever track that, so the world agreed to round.
Most cities round by a few minutes and nobody notices. Some cities round by more than an hour — and once you know it, you can see it in the street.
Madrid is the largest offset on this site. Spain adopted Greenwich Mean Time in 1901, which is what its geography calls for; mainland Spain lines up with Britain, Portugal and Morocco. Then on 16 March 1940 the clocks went forward an hour to match Nazi Germany, and were never put back. Madrid now runs about 75 minutes ahead of its own sun in winter, and around two hours ahead in summer. Spaniards eat lunch at 2pm and dinner at 9pm — but measured against the sun, that is 1pm and 8pm, exactly when the rest of Europe eats.
Kuala Lumpur and Singapore are close behind, at roughly 73 and 65 minutes, and they got there together. At 11:30pm on 31 December 1981, Malaysia moved Peninsular Malaysia forward half an hour to close the time gap with Sabah and Sarawak. Singapore followed the next day. Singapore sits almost exactly on the equator, where sunrise should be at six and sunset at six, forever — instead the sun comes up around seven and goes down around seven.
Istanbul is at 64 minutes, and got there by a different route: Türkiye abolished daylight saving in 2016 and fixed the country permanently at UTC+3, a zone built for the 45th meridian. In late December, Istanbul's sunrise does not arrive until around half past eight.
Buenos Aires is at 54 minutes, and the effect is famous without being understood. Argentina uses UTC−3; geographically it belongs on UTC−4. The evening light hangs on absurdly late, dinner starts at ten, restaurants fill at eleven. Buenos Aires is not a late city by temperament. It is a late city by arithmetic.
Lagos is at 46 minutes, Baku at 40, Seoul and Karachi at 32 each, Hong Kong at 23, Toronto at 18.
What connects them is that not one of these offsets was created by an astronomer. Madrid's came from a diplomatic gesture. Singapore's came from a decision made in another country. Seoul's is the residue of six clock changes in a century, none of which had anything to do with the sky.
Tehran is the outlier that proves the point. Iran refused to round: it uses UTC+3:30, one of the world's few half-hour zones, chosen so that the national meridian lands almost exactly on a clean offset. Tehran's clock is within a few minutes of its own solar noon — and permanently confuses everybody else's scheduling software.